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Head and Neck Pathology: Recent Advances in Head and Neck Tumor Diagnosis and Pathogenesis

Sohail Awan

A sizable and diverse set of tumours with a very varied prognosis make up head and neck malignancies, These tumours include lesions that develop from other anatomical sites, such as the salivary glands, the mucosa of respiratory sinuses, the thyroid, skin, and orbit, in addition to those that originate from the squamous epithelial lining of the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. The clinic-pathological chapter occasionally includes information on brain tumours as well. Manuscripts that touch on some of the most recent advancements in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of head and neck malignancies are featured in this issue. The first article reviews our knowledge of how oral squamous cell cancer develops and explores potential chemoprevention measures. As was mentioned above, smoking can have an impact on the entire upper aero digestive tract, which can limit the identification of head and neck cancer. Spectroscopy is used to identify malignant squamous mucosa; debate.

Smoking-related cancers, such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, are becoming less common as the prevalence of smoking declines in various regions of the world. Unfortunately, this drop has coincided with an increase in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas linked to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in many parts of the world. In this issue, you will demonstrate through the use of a case-control study that oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas that develop in non-smokers who do not abuse alcohol are more likely to be linked to HPV infection than those that develop in smokers who do and that the tumours linked to HPV have a better prognosis. Review the different molecular, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry test that can be used to prove HPV infection.

The pathology of Sinonasal intestinal-type adenocarcinomas, which are occasionally linked to significant exposure to wood dust, is still unknown. Reviewing a sizable collection of these tumours and looking for potential precursor lesions for these uncommon malignancies are the goals of the final article in this issue.